Subordinate clause

A subordinate clause, also called a dependent clause, has a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. That is because it depends on a main clause to make full sense. It usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as because, although, when, if or since, or with a relative pronoun such as who or which.

A subordinate clause adds information about reason, time, condition, contrast or description. Where a writer places it, at the start, middle or end of a sentence, changes the emphasis and rhythm. This makes it a flexible tool for shaping meaning.

In the reading paper, recognising subordinate clauses helps you explain how a writer adds detail and controls emphasis within complex sentences. In your own writing, using subordinate clauses accurately, and punctuating them correctly, shows control of complex sentence structure, which examiners reward. Understanding subordination also helps you avoid errors such as sentence fragments.

A fragment is a subordinate clause wrongly punctuated as if it were a full sentence.

In When the bell finally rang, the whole class rushed for the door, the opening subordinate clause sets the time before the main action arrives.

In analysis, point out the subordinate clause and explain what it adds, such as reason or timing. Then explain how its position shapes emphasis. In your own writing, use subordinate clauses to combine ideas and add detail.

Put a comma after them when they open a sentence. Avoid leaving one standing alone, which creates a fragment that costs accuracy marks.

You may also find writing formats and annotated model responses useful. Next, visit our skills guides for IGCSE English to see terms like this used in real answers. Our IGCSE English tuition page explains how lessons run. When you are ready, the paid one-hour trial is the first step.